Islamic History

Compared to the communist era, Russian Muslims are allowed to smile now. Russian Federation Government apparently began appreciative. First time in history, a Russian leader to enter the Muslim ministers in his cabinet and acknowledge the existence of Russian Muslims. President Vladimir Putin looks serious glance at Islam by attending the Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC) in Malaysia (2003), which eventually became permanent observers, and initiated the formation of Alliance of Civilization Russia-Islamic past 27 to 28 March 2006 with a meeting of Islamic leaders from 15 countries.
In fact, Russia acknowledged the victory of Hamas in Palestinian elections and Putin was 'reprimanded' Pope Benedict XVI for his speech that accused Islam and the Prophet Muhammad in Germany. Russia views the Islamic world as a significant force and can become partners in creating a new world order of peace, just and civilized. Prof. Victor Sychev, an Indonesian expert from Russia, also asserted that Islam is a religion that teaches the values of peace. He rejected Islam associated with terrorism because it is only caused a few people with the name of Islam.
Long HistoryUnlike other Muslim countries in Europe, mostly immigrants, the presence of Islam in Russia has a very long history. Islam arrived in Russia (Dagestan and North Caucasus) in the second half of the 7th century AD Ke10 century, Islam has become the official religion of the Tatar nation. When a Christian of ethnic Russians in power, Muslims began to occupied territory. In fact, in the mid-18th century, Russian Muslims are not allowed to conduct religious activities, build mosques and schools. Outbreak of the communist revolution in 1917 led to a very bad situation for all faiths, especially Muslims, which led to the eradication of religion since 1927.
Although very prevented during communist, cultural roots and history of Islam was never uprooted. The momentum of economic and social reforms, until the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia's Muslims used to restructure the keberagamaannya. Today, Russian Muslims are the largest Muslim communities in Europe. They come from 40 ethnic groups and totals about 20 million (15 percent of Russia's 142 million population). In addition to the Muslim descent, many of those who convert to Islam. In fact, 60 percent of new adherents are ethnic Russians who previously had no religion whatsoever.
In addition to the factor of immigration from the North Caucasus region and Central Asia, Muslim population growth is also triggered by the crisis among the ethnic Russian population that causes a decrease in population of 700,000 people per year. This is a potential concern, especially among the orthodox Christians, that they would become minority and the loss of Russian identity. If this trend continues, the estimated population of Muslims in the next 30 years could exceed the ethnic Russians. In fact, Muslims will become the majority in the Russian army.
Muslim parents in Russia is what led to many works of Islamic gold produced and 'buried' there. In the library of St. Petersburg, can still be found an ancient manuscript of al-Quran handwritten by a hundred versions of Arabic handwriting, a collection of manuscript works of the scholars of Kurdistan, the minutes of the local Islamic philosopher, Ibn Sina's philosophy encyclopedia (Uzbekistan), the work of al-Farabi (Azerbaijan) and Manuscripts al-Quran for mini lighters (gift Iranian Shah Abbas the Great in one of his son Emperor of Russia). At the Library Institute Orientologi National Academy of Sciences Moscow also found religious texts, law, governance and science originating from Islamic countries long ago.
Future OpportunitiesDecades of repression in the communist era, Russia has made Muslims isolated from the science and practice of Islam, especially the younger generation. Although still proud as a Muslim, Islam is only limited to the introduction of highly restrictive name of Muslims in reaching the perfection of Islam. All this requires extra work until there are proper Islamic education and religious facilities representative.
With human resource large enough (about 1.5 billion people, nearly a quarter of the world popualsi), President Putin will be difficult to ignore Muslim. Moreover, most of Russia's Muslim population in Europe. Islamic world's natural resources (oil, forests and gas) are still many untapped Russia will also be a consideration to keep being nice to Islam. All of this trump card should also be put to good use by Russian Muslims.
But, it seems Putin is still allergic to the Muslim 'extremists' such as the Muslim Chechens. He's more welcome to the moderate Muslims such as Muslim Tatars and Central Asia. This indication should make wiser Russian Muslims in attitude. Without sacrificing the main goal of Islam, it's good to learn from the history of Russian Muslims when Islam first conquered the Tatars in the West of Russia. Universal ideas such as justice, brotherhood, anti-tyranny and love of science has won the admiration of Russian society.

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My religion ISLAM - Muslims occupied Spain at the time of Caliph al-Walid (705-715 AD), one of the caliph of the Umayyads based in Damascus, where Muslims had previously been controlled North Africa. In the process of the Spanish conquest, there are three heroes of Islam that can be said that the most meritorious Tharif ibn Malik, Tariq ibn Ziyad and Musa ibn Nushair.

Muslims occupied Spain at the time of Caliph al-Walid (705-715 AD), one of Bani Umayyad caliphate based in Damascus. Before the Spanish conquest, the Muslims had taken control of North Africa and make it as one of the province of Bani Umayyad dynasty, complete mastery of North Africa took place at the time of Caliph Abdul Malik (685-705 AD). Caliph Abd al-Malik lifted al-Hasan ibn Nu'man Ghassani became governor in that area.At the time of Caliph al-Walid, Hasan ibn Nu'man was replaced by Moses ibn Nushair. In an age of al-Walid, Moses ibn Nushair expand territory by occupying Algeria and Morocco. In addition, he also perfected the conquest of the regions of the former power of the nation Barbarian in mountains, so they declared, and faithfully promised not to create chaos-chaos as they have done before.Conquest of the North African region from the first time defeated until it becomes a province of Bani Umayyad Caliphate take as long as 53 years, starting year 30 AH (during the reign of Muawiyah ibn Abi Sufyan) until the year 83 H (the time of al-Walid). Before Islam was defeated and then occupied, in this region there are pockets that form the basis of power the Roman empire, the Gothic kingdom. The kingdom was often incited residents to create unrest and oppose Islamic rule.After this area really can be mastered, Muslims began to focus his attention to conquering Spanish. Thus, North Africa be a springboard for the Muslims in the conquest of Spain. In the process of Spanish conquest, there are three heroes of Islam that can be said most credited with leading the forces units there.They are Tharif ibn Malik, Tariq ibn Ziyad and Musa ibn Nushair. Tharif may be cited as the pioneer and investigator. He crossed the strait that lies between Morocco and the European continent with a single army, five hundred of them are horsemen, they boarded four ships provided by Julian. In the raid Tharif not get significant resistance.He won and returned to North Africa brought the spoils that are not few in number.Encouraged by the success Tharif and upheaval that occurred in the ruling body Visigothic kingdom in Spain at the time, as well as a great encouragement to obtain the spoils of war, Musa ibn Nushair in the year 711 AD to send troops to Spain as many as 7,000 people under the leadership of Tariq ibn Ziyad . Tariq ibn Ziyad more widely known as the conqueror of Spain because his army is larger and more tangible results. His army is comprised mostly of Berber tribes backed by Moses ibn Nushair and some Arabs who sent the Caliph al-Walid. The army then crossed the Strait under the command of Tariq ibn Ziyad.A mountain of Tariq and his troops first landed and set up his army, known by the name of Gibraltar (Jabal Tariq). By mastering this area, then opened the door widely to enter Spain. In a battle at a place called Bakkah, King Roderick can be defeated. From there, Tariq and his army continued to conquer the most important cities, such as Cordova, Granada and Toledo (the capital of Gothic empire at that time). Before Tariq conquered the city of Toledo, he requested additional troops to Musa ibn Nushair in North Africa.Moses sent additional troops to 5,000 personnel, so the number of troops entirely Tariq 12,000 people. This amount is not comparable to the Gothic forces much larger, 100,000. The first victory of Tariq ibn Ziyad achieved by making way for the conquest of the region more broadly. For that, Musa ibn Nushair feel the need to engage in a battle arena with the intention of helping the struggle Tariq. With a large army, he set off across the strait, and one by one city in its path can be conquered.After Moses conquered Sidonia, Karmona, Seville, and Merida as well as defeat the ruler of the kingdom of Gothic, Theodomir in Orihuela, he joined Tariq in Toledo. Furthermore, both managed to master all the important cities in Spain, including the north, ranging from Saragosa to Navarre. The next wave of territorial expansion came during the reign of Caliph Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz in 99 H/717 CE This time the target is intended to control the area around the mountains Pyrenia and Southern France. Troop leadership entrusted to al-Samah, but his efforts failed and he himself was killed in the year 102 H.Furthermore, the head of the troops handed over to Abdullah ibn Abd al-Ghafiqi. With his troops, he attacked the town Bordesu, Poiter, and from here he tried to attack the city of Tours. However, among the city Poiter and Tours that he was arrested by Charles Martel, so that the attack on the French army led fail and retreat back to Spain. After that, there are still too attack-attack, like the Avirignon year 734 AD, to Lyon in 743 AD, and there are islands in the Mediterranean Sea Majorca, Corsia, Sardinia, Creta, Rhodes, Cyprus and parts of Sicily also fall into Islam at the hands of Bani Umayyad era.The second largest wave of the invasion of the Muslims that the motion starts at the beginning of the 8th century AD, has reached far and wide over Spain to reach the Middle French and important parts of Italy. Victories achieved Muslims seem so easy. It can not be separated from the external and internal factors are favorable. What is meant by external factors is a condition that is contained in Spain's own country. During the Spanish conquest by the Islamic people, social conditions, politics, and economy of this country is in sad circumstances.Politically, the Spanish region torn apart and divided into several small countries. Along with the Gothic ruler being intolerant of religious affiliation of the flow by the authorities, namely the Monophysite flow, especially against the followers of other religions, Judaism. Jewish religion is the biggest part of the Spanish population was forced baptized by the Christian religion. Who are not willing to be tortured, and brutally murdered. People were divided into the class system, so the situation is overwhelmed by poverty, oppression, and lack of equal rights.In such situations, the liberator of the oppressed awaits the arrival of interpreters, and interpreters pembebasnya they found the people of Islam. In connection with that Amer Ali, as quoted by Imamuddin said, when Africa (East and West) enjoy in terms of material comfort, togetherness, justice, and prosperity, his neighbor in peninsular Spain is in a sad state under the rule of iron fist ruler Visighotic. On the other hand, the kingdom is in turmoil that took effect on people suffering. As a result of cruel treatment, the Jewish colonies are important places of resistance and rebellion.The divisions in the country Spain is a lot of help to the success of the intervention of Islam in the year 711 AD The split was very much pattern, and existed long before the Gothic kingdom stands. Political cleavages exacerbate the economic situation of society. When Islam arrived in Spain, the economic community in a state of paralysis. In fact, when Spain was under Roman rule, thanks to the fertility of the soil, agriculture developed rapidly. Likewise, mining, industry and trade, supported by good transportation facilities. However, after the Spanish under the authority of the kingdom of the Goths, crippled the economy and social welfare decline.Hektaran be left stranded with no cultivated land, some factories closed, and between one region and other regions hardest-hit because the roads do not get treatment. Poor social conditions, economics, and religion was mainly caused by the chaotic political situation. The worst conditions occurred in the reign of King Roderick, the last Goth king who defeated Islam. Early destruction of the kingdom when King Roderick Ghoth is moving its capital from Seville to Toledo, while Witiza, who was a ruler over the territory of Toledo, dismissed just like that. This situation provoked anger from Oppas and Achila, brother and son Witiza.Both then rose gather the strength to overthrow Roderick. They went to North Africa and joined the Muslims. Meanwhile, there is also conflict between the Queen of Julian Roderick, a former ruler Septah region. Julian also joined the Muslims in North Africa and support the efforts of Muslims to master Spanish, Julian even a loan of four ships used by Tharif, Tariq and Musa. This benefit other Islamic army is that soldiers Roderick consisting of the oppressed slaves no longer have the spirit of the war In addition, Jews who had been depressed also held a fellowship and provide support for the struggle of the Muslims.As is the internal factor is a condition contained in the ruling body, tokon figures Islamic fighters and the soldiers involved in the conquest of Spain in particular.The leaders are powerful figures, army compact, united, and confident. They were capable, courageous, and steadfast in the face of every issue. No less important is the teaching of Islam that indicated the soldiers of Islam, namely tolerance, brotherhood, and please help. The attitude of religious tolerance and brotherhood contained in the person of the Muslims that led to the Spanish population welcomed the Islamic presence there.

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In the year 30 Hijri or 651 AD, only about 20 years ago of the death of the Prophet Muhammad, the Caliph Uthman ibn Affan RA send a delegation to China to introduce Daula Muslims, who have long standing. In a journey that took four years, the delegates turned out to Uthman had stopped at the Islands of the archipelago. Several years later, exactly the year AD 674, Umayyad Dynasty has established trade base on the west coast of Sumatra. This is the first introduction of Indonesia's population to Islam. Since then the sailors and Muslim merchants continued to arrive, century after century. They buy local produce from the land of green this while preaching.
Gradually, the indigenous population began to embrace Islam, although not yet on a large scale. Aceh, the westernmost region of the Islands archipelago, is the first to accept Islam. Even in Acehlah first Islamic kingdom in Indonesia was established, namely Pasai. News from Marcopolo mentioned that at the time of sojourn in Pasai year 692 AH / 1292 AD, were many Arabs who spread Islam. Similarly, news of Ibn Battuthah, nomadic Muslims from the Maghreb., Which when dropped in Aceh in 746 AH / 1345 AD wrote that in Aceh have been scattered schools of Shafi'i. The oldest relic of the Muslims who are found in Indonesia located in Gresik, East Java. Form of Islamic tomb complex, in which one of them is the tomb of a Muslim woman named Fatima bint Maimun. Numbers written on his tomb in 475 AH / 1082 AD, ie at the time of the Kingdom of Singasari. It is estimated that these tombs are not from the natives, but the tomb of Arab traders.
Until the 8th century H / 14 AD, there is no indigenous population pengislaman massive archipelago. New in the 9th century H / 14 AD, the indigenous population embraced Islam en masse. The historians argue that Islam entered the archipelago population on a large scale in the century was due at that time the Muslims already have a significant political force. That is marked by the establishment of several Islamic kingdoms such as the Kingdom of patterned Aceh Darussalam, Malacca, Demak, Cirebon, and Ternate. The rulers of these kingdoms of mixed blood, descendants of the kings of the indigenous pre-Islamic and Arab immigrants. The rapid Islamization of the 14th century and 15 M, among others, are also caused by the decline of power and influence of the kingdoms of the Hindu / Buddhist in the archipelago such as Majapahit, Srivijaya and Sundanese. Thomas Arnold in The Preaching of Islam says that the arrival of Islam is not as conquerors as well as the Portuguese and Spanish. Islam came to Southeast Asia by way of peace, not with a sword, not to seize political power. Islam entered the archipelago in a way that really show it as rahmatan lil'alamin.
With the native population into Islam Nusantara and the establishment of Islamic governments in different parts of the archipelago, the trade with the Muslims from the center of the Islamic world became increasingly tight. The Arabs who migrated to the archipelago is also growing. The largest of which is derived from Hadramaut, Yemen. In the chronicle of Hadramawt, migration is even said to be the largest in the history of Hadramaut. But after the Christian European nations and the greedy master coming area-by area in the archipelago, the relationship with the center of the Islamic world as if disconnected. Especially in the 17th and 18th centuries AD. The reason, other than because the Muslim archipelago occupied by the resistance against colonialism, as well as various regulations created by the colonialist. Every time the invaders - notably the Netherlands - subjugate the Islamic kingdom in the archipelago, they would thrust the royal ban treaty whose contents are related to trade with the outside world except through them. So terputuslah Nusantara relations with the Islamic ummah of Muslims from other nations who had established hundreds of years. The colonialist desire to alienate Muslims archipelago with its roots, also visible from the assimilation policies that make them among the Arabs with the natives.
Since the early arrival of the Europeans at the end of the 15th century AD to the fertile island is prosperous, is already seen their greedy nature to master. Moreover, they found the fact that the population of these islands have embraced Islam, the religion of their enemies, so that the spirit of the Crusades was always carry around every time they beat a region. In their fight against Islam in collaboration with indigenous kingdoms that still adhered to Hindu / Buddhist. One example, to decide cruise lines of the Muslims, then having seized Malacca in 1511, the Portuguese cooperation with the Kingdom of Sunda Pajajaran to build a base in Sunda Kelapa. But the purpose of this Portuguese failed miserably after the combined forces of Islam from the north coast of Java along hand in hand to demolish them in 1527 AD Of this historic battle led by an Arab-blooded son of Aceh Gujarat, namely Al-Pasai Fadhilah Khan, better known by his title, Fathahillah. Before becoming an important man in the three Islamic kingdom of Java, namely Demak, Cirebon and Banten, Fathahillah had studied in Mecca. Even the participate defend Mecca of the Ottoman Turkish invasion.
The arrival of the colonialists on the one side has awakened the spirit of jihad of the Muslims archipelago, but on the other side make the deepening of belief in Islam is uneven. Only the pesantren (Islamic schools) who studied Islam, and even then usually limited to the Shafi'i school. While the majority Muslims, mixing faith with pre-Islamic traditions. Aristocratic circles close to the Dutch even have affected the European lifestyle. Conditions like this still happen at least until now. Apart from this, scholars Archipelago are the people who persevere against colonialism. Although many of them come from the congregation, but it is often among the congregation rose up against the invaders. And although in the end it was crushed any resistance with tactics devious, but history has recorded millions of martyrs who died in the archipelago a number of battles against the Dutch. Since the resistance of Islamic kingdoms in the 16th and 17th centuries such as Malacca (Malaysia), Sulu (Philippines), Pasai, Banten, Sunda Kelapa, Makassar, Ternate, until the resistance of the scholars in the 18th century such as the War of Cirebon (Bagus Rangin), Java War (Diponegoro), Padri War (Imam Bonjol), and the war in Aceh (Teuku Umar).

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