Islamic History

Islam in Britain has existed since several centuries ago. Therefore, no wonder if religion that brought the Prophet Muhammad have a place in the hearts of Britons. Some places of worship was finally successful establishment.
However, lately, along with the incessant phobia against Muslims, religion is often made of precious materials ridicule by those who do not understand Islam. Even so, it did not deter someone who is given the guidance of Allah to continue voicing Islam.
In the mid-19th century, a prominent British leaders try to understand Islam. And finally, he found peace in it. Housed in a building which is now looked dull. In fact, the daily The Independent in Britain, never load the article titled "The Forgotten Champion of Islam: One Man and His Mosque" that existed on August 2, 2007 edition.
The buildings are located in the district No 8 Brougham Terrace, West Derby Street, Liverpool, England is like a house destroyed. Similarly newspaper The Independent.
Dull white-painted building with a part that looks rickety front door and back door are filled with graffiti graffiti and pigeon nests that adorn the roof of the building and fungi embedded in almost the entire surface of the wall holds a long story about Islam in the land of Queen Elizabeth II.
The building is a silent witness to the historical development of Islam in Britain in the 19th century and 20 AD It is owned by William Henry Quilliam. The Muslim community in the city of Liverpool is sensible to thank William.
Thanks to his services, syiar Islam can be extended into a city located in northwestern England. And, the Muslim community there can run a variety of worship and other activities together in a building that is adequate.
In the beginning, precisely in 1889, this William's building functioned as an Islamic center with the name of the Liverpool Muslim Institute. However, in the next development, building Liverpool Muslim Institute has also functioned as a mosque and school for the Muslim community of Liverpool. History records, it is building the first mosque and Islamic center, founded in England.
Who was the figure of William Henry Quilliam this? Wikipedia page mentions that the man born in Liverpool, 10 April 1856 came from wealthy families. His father, Robert Quilliam, was a watchmaker. Since childhood, William had to get an adequate education. By both parents he was schooled at the Liverpool Institute and the King William's College. In both these institutions, he studied law. In 1878, William began his career as a lawyer.
William grew up and raised as a Christian. New Islamic religion met when he visited the southern French region in 1882. Since then, he started a lot to learn about Islam and its teachings. His interest in Islam grew when he visited Algeria and Tunisia.
Preaching In 1887, after returning from visiting Morocco, William realized his desire to move to the religious beliefs of Islam. After converting to Islam, he changed his name to Abdullah Quilliam. By attaching the new name, William heavily promoting Islamic teachings to the people of Liverpool.
To support syiar Islam in the city of Liverpool, he took the initiative to establish a special institution for people who want to know and learn about Islam. Then, in 1889, he founded the Liverpool Muslim Institute. In order to attract residents of Liverpool, which he founded this institution remains open during Christmas.
Not only limited to Islamic information center. Abdullah then enable the Liverpool Muslim Institute building into a place of worship for the Muslim community of Liverpool. Liverpool Muslim Mosque Building Institute is able to accommodate about a hundred worshipers.
The establishment of this mosque was followed by the establishment of an Islamic college in the city of Liverpool and an orphanage named Madina House. As head of the Islamic university, Abdullah pointed Haschem Wilde and Nasrullah Warren.
Although the status of Islamic education institutions, universities, founded William was not only accept students from among the Muslim families alone. Pupils from non-Muslim families were allowed to study there. In order to attract non-Muslims to study Islam, the manager often held weekly debates and literary community.
William, who since his youth been active as a literary writer is trying to attract the sympathy of non-Muslim communities in Liverpool through literary works. The efforts gone through, to spread Islamic teachings through the work of literary and charitable institutions that he founded the sweet fruit. Within ten years of preaching, he managed to convert more than 150 native British citizens, both from the scientists, intellectuals, and community leaders.
In fact, his mother, who has spent most of his life as a Christian activist interested in Islam after reading his writings.
Various writings on Islam he is published weekly by the Islamic media Riview and The Crescent, which was published from 1893 until 1908. Both were widely circulated internationally. Daily The Independent wrote that William utilize the basement mosques as a place to print the works he wrote.
In addition, he also published three editions of a book entitled The Faith of Islam in 1899. This book has been translated into 13 languages worldwide. Queen Victoria and the ruler of Egypt are among the world leaders who have read this book.
Thanks to The Faith of Islam, in a short time the name of Abdullah Quilliam is widely known throughout the Muslim lands. Thanks to this book he also then a lot of relationships with the Muslim community in West Africa.
Thanks to this work also, he is able to receive numerous awards from the leaders of the Islamic world. He earned his Shaykh al-Islam of the Ottoman Sultan (Ottoman Turkish), Abdul Hamid II in 1894 and was appointed as a special attache of Persia for Liverpool.
He also received a number of prizes in the form of money from the leader of Afghanistan. The money he uses to finance his Islamic college in Liverpool.

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Label: History of Islam in English

LONDON (Reuters CAIRO) - He's from Leeds. He shut himself from the community itself. His friends convinced him to come and see the exhibition. He came, saw tools that we have remodeled, he read the book for about two hours.
In the end he found a chair in the hall and standing on a chair and said. "Finally I have something to be proud of." Finally the boy said, "Now I feel I became a man!" he said. For many people this book is just another book, but for many young Muslims are the new identity they can be proud of. "
Professor Salim Al-Hassani of the Foundation of Science, Technology and civilization (Foundation of Science, Technology and Civilization - FSTC) is told of a young Pakistani boy who was born and educated in the United Kingdom and has been suffering from feelings of backwardness, hatred of self, an identity crisis and get lost among the group. Books ketidakberartian rescue her from the assumption that he felt it was entitled "1001 Inventions: Muslim Heritage in Our World." The book was not written to help young Muslims who despair. Instead, this was done as part of the FSTC project in the history of science that tries to shed light on the "dark ages" of Western scientific history.
"In the history books popular science we have a difference a thousand years. The history of science as it is written by Western scholars to forget the contribution of Islam to science. You did not find anything before abad15, until the Greek period," said al-Hassani. About 14 years ago this observation forced him and a group of volunteers to begin their studies in order to fill that gap. "About 10 years ago we established the foundation that has given birth to this book and related exhibition," said al-Hassani.
FSTC today consists of about 60 scientists. About 15 people work full time, about 15 part-time and the rest are volunteers. These people worked on the original manuscript of Muslim scholars or scientists who live in Muslim culture, digitally remodel their discoveries, and if possible, make real-size model from them. After 14 years working with about 15 people working round the clock, FSTC who have collected the amount of scientific information is quite impressive on the innovation introduced by the Islamic civilization. However, al-Hassani is believed that they only get a little. "When we asked the experts manuscripts, they say that there are at least 5 million manuscripts in the archives of the world. Only 50,000 of them have been done until now. In this way we can find a new name, even a new science," he told the Sunday Times.
Because al-Hassani himself is a mechanical engineer, the core of the foundation's work has been done until now has concentrated on mechanical inventions. A clock invented by Al-Jazari in the 13th century, called the Elephant Clock, attracting the attention of the group al-Hassani as it not only shows the time clock, but he also collected a symbol of the political culture of all there is civilization in that era. "Al-Jazari lived in eastern Anatolia, but he did not use a cow as a symbol, but an elephant. Gajah which is a symbol of African civilization. Al-Jazari put carpet on an elephant, this is the civilization of Iran. He used a Chinese dragon in the clock mechanism. He has a phoenix on the top of the hour, spinning and singing every half hour. Phoenix is a symbol of civilization Firaun.Serban of automated robots symbolize Saladin Muslim tradition, and craftsmanship of water in the body of an elephant using Archimedes Principle, so reminiscent of Greek civilization, " said al-Hassani. He recalls when he told former U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice about this multiperadaban approach, Rice answered through science al-Hassani and his group have created a new area for dialogue. "This is not political, nor religious. It is a neutral zone of science," he added.
1001 Inventions vs. 1001 Nights
Books and exhibition prepared by the FSTC does not cover the 1001 Inventions. That number has been selected as an antidote to the arguments of Western perceptions of Islam who remember that story from 1001 Nights, and dance oriental magic lamp Aladdin and Islam every time the word is pronounced. "We wanted to show that Islam has a 1001 other things that are tongak of our civilization today," said al-Hassani. This book introduces a name like Firnas ibn Abbas (d. 887) who produced the first flying machine, al-Jazari (d. 13th century), which produces mechanical Elephant Clock and other devices, al-Kindi (d. 873) who writes 361 works on various subjects including chemistry, logic, music and astronomy, Fatima Al-Fihri (d. 841), a female scientist who founded one of the universities in the classical era, Ibn al-Haitham (d. 1039) who wrote the principle of optics and found the camera photography, the Master Architect Mimar Sinan (d. 1588), who built the buildings of the most magnificent in the country of Turkey, and the Cheng Ho (d. 1433), Sino-Mongolian Muslim admiral who built one of the largest military fleet in human history.
This foundation not only publish books. They also send books to high schools around the world for free when it can find the necessary funding. Until now the foundation has sent more than 6,500 books to schools in the United Kingdom. They want to reach more schools. The book is accompanied by a poster to be used as educational material. Al-Hassani asked donors who are interested to visit 1001inventions.com to find out how they can contribute to this effort. Books and materials are being translated into nine languages, including European and Malay languages, Arabic and Turkish. Which version of Turkey will soon be in print, and will be slightly thicker than the original because there is the addition of Turkey and kontribusiny to science. Professsor al-Hassani is hoping to translate the material into China as well, but first he wants to start another project that will represent the contributions of scientists from China to civilization. "Chinese people's contributions are ignored as well. We must teach our children that we took the paper from China. We have to teach them about the extraordinary vessel which was built Cheng Ho. Each besranya similar to a football stadium, you know," he explains.
1001 Sports
Although al-Hassani is quite satisfied with his team that conducted the project work 1001, he thinks that science is only one area in which the contribution from Eastern countries must be heard. "We have started a new project in the sporting heritage of Muslims," he said. He said that the polo, "Sports kingdom," was first discovered by a Muslim dynasty in Persia. Al-Hassani said: "When they started this game, men and women play together. We've shown the manuscript of men and women on horses and playing together. This has two important elements: One, the home games. Second, women have become part of the game. Long before women in Europe are considered to have souls, they are a part of sporting activities in the Muslim world, "he explains. He hopes they will be ready for 1001 Sport exhibition at the 2012 London Olympics on the Muslim contribution to sports history.
"The important thing is that this is related to the characteristics of Muslims. The development of science, sports and arts in the Muslim world was not a coincidence. It is the result of understanding of Muslims in the world," he said, and by using a play on words: "The term is Arabic for sport ' riyazah '. But riyazah not mean just training the body, but also' Lust. riyazah Sufis use the term for the period of rest from worldly life and fasting. But the term is used also for mathematics: riyaziyat. Why? Because mathematics is an exercise of the mind. So riyazah in the Muslim tradition has three dimensions: body, mind and heart. It is a holistic approach behind all the inventions of Muslim scientists. "

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Label: History of Islam in English

Still fresh in our memory a few months ago among Muslims around the world created fury caused by a group of politicians held a "Anti-Islamification Congress" in Germany. The meeting, sponsored by the right wing several European countries was held in the city of Cologne or Cologne, the third largest city in the country. Not long before that, the same town was also enlivened by the Great Mosque development plan that his proposal was approved by parliament.
Rejection movements appear characterized by the formation of alliances Pro-Köln (For Cologne), abbreviated to PK, which consists of some local political activists. Other political forces that do not agree that PK is an extremist movement, carrying the racism and allegedly as the incarnation of Nazi doctrine 'forbidden' in Germany. Not only that, the activist wing of the socialist-Marxist also firmly rejects the convening of the event. They perform coordinated action and invite the public to boycott the elements of the event. Written in one of the sites Marxism, "They were the resource persons aghast to discover That Would take no taxi driver Them to Their destination, no restaurant honoured Their table reservation and no hotel keys Would give Them to Their rooms."
"They were surprised because they know that all taxi drivers do not want to carry them, no restaurant providing table, and all hotels will not give me the key to their room."
Even among the left is expressing appreciation of the attitude of the Christian Democratic stronghold that also rejected the fascist agenda. Mayor of Cologne from the CDU party (Christlich Democratic Union Deutschlands) Fritz Schramma spoke loudly condemn and oppose the convening of the congress in his town. Simply amazing considering the CDU a few moments before voiced reject development Great Mosque in Cologne.
Regardless of the condition of local politics, the phenomenon of the establishment of several non-Muslim forces behind this Islam opened our eyes to all that slowly but surely the world is heading in a new equilibrium pattern. The dominance of Western and Christian culture in European countries slowly changing and inevitably required to accept a plurality consequence, something we see often fired various circles on the Muslims who constitute the majority somewhere.
Half last year I had several times visited Cologne. Although in general the cost of living here is somewhat more expensive, but the friendly people showed characteristics of western Germany in general and different from the southern regions that tend to hard. Landmark city is a big church named Dom, right next to the main train station Hauptbahnhof alias. Among Christians reject the establishment of the Great Mosque because they feel Cologne is a 'Christian City' that is the city with a strong Christian culture. Departing from this point, I am interested to retreat to the rear and see how the past history of Germany related to Islam and his people.
Various reference took me to see the 17th century, precisely in 1668 and 1683. The period known as the turning point of expansion dynasty 'Ottoman (Ottomans), faces a major force in Europe that previously did not cease fighting each other. In the spirit of eliminating colonialism trampled various Islamic countries in various parts of the world, Turkish troops entered the heart of Europe.
Vienna (Vienna) capital of the Austrian troops had besieged the Ottoman Turks in 1668 AD or 1079 AH Blockade carried out by Islamic forces are then generate a new consciousness for European countries to unite, and realize that the only thing that can unite them against the Turkish troops is a religion. The Vatican was immediately voiced to order a counterattack to Tunisia and Algeria. At the same time, Germany's strongest army sent reinforcements to relieve Vienna from the Turkish blockade. Inspired by the victory of Russia retake the city of Kiev from the troops' Ottoman 2 years earlier, in 1683 or just 15 years later in Germany to take over the city of Vienna. This resulted in the defeat of Ottoman troops tertawannya many Muslims who are then employed by force by the German landlord in the country. This is the first impression is "not so tempting" between Islam and Germany.
But it was after that almost did not find any negative notes between Islam and Germany, countries that the percentage of Muslim population is only about 5% where the majority keturunanTurki. Community of the only Islamic country that had fought with them this coming post-World War II, to fill various vacancies available. Naturally, because it was recorded the availability of manpower and employment is 6 to 1 worker vacancies available. Turkish Muslim immigrants and some other countries contribute significantly to rising German economy by 400% over the period 1948 to 1961.
Increasing the German economy is referred to as one of the wonders of the world economy and is known by the term Wirtschaftswunder or Miracle of Economy. Is Ludwig Erhard (1897 - 1977) which introduced the concept of Soziale Marktwirtschaft or "Social Market Economy" which provides subsidized welfare for the disabled, unable to, among seniors, to children. The hallmark of this system is a "safety-net" that try to do well by the Indonesian government with the Social Safety Net or SSN.
Other factors that cause economic growth is so rapid economic recovery program is better known by the term "Marshall Plan", initiated by the United States and conducted 1948-1951 to include Germany (West) into the alliance, in addition to German superiority in the field of machinery which is also desired. The name "Marshall Plan" is taken from the George C. Marshall who was then serving as U.S. secretary of state.
With such rapid economic growth, mastery of high technology and supported safety nets which greatly facilitate its population, Germany became one study destination among the youth. 1950s and 1960s, came the third wave of Muslims who went to Germany in order to learn. The majority of this third wave is the youth that besides the Middle East in order to learn, also avoid the regime in their country that many repressive actions during the period.
The third wave is different from the soldiers and workers in the 17th century a few decades earlier, but made up of people educated and enlightened intellectually. In their study underwent not only technology but also learn to form associations and organizations. In the early 1960s stood Islamic Center in Munich (München Zentrum Islamisches) with the help of a donation of 80 thousand Deutschmarks King Fahd of Saudi Arabia's royal leaders.
Along the third wave and post this, gradually from various countries including Indonesia, Muslim students were scattered throughout Germany. One is the third president of the Republic of Indonesia, Baharuddin Jusuf Habibie, who took his course in the city of Aachen in 1955, and 10 years later obtained his doctorate from the RWTH-Aachen.
The scholarship program was launched to the German government is supporting the close interaction with the educated Muslims. Some Islamic countries are counted as developing countries get the facility to send students and fully funded by the German government. One program that is raised is the Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst (DAAD) or the Germany Academic Exchange Service is also given to students from Indonesia.
In 1994 the Indonesian students who receive scholarships from the DAAD program is then formed a communication vehicle for Indonesian Muslims. A grantee meeting, held in the city of Karlsruhe utilized as a momentum to establish a joint container which is then given the name stands for Forkom-German Forum Indonesian Muslim Society as Germany.
Until now Forkom-Germany continued to exist and seeks to widen the mission to satisfy the thirst of Indonesian Muslims in various cities in Germany, to present Islam in the life of togetherness among the majority population, cultural, and environmental non-Muslim. Other missions are, continues to strive to harmonize between Muslims and other religions, and determined to fulfill the ideals of Islam as rahmatan lil 'alamin with friends and contribute.

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Label: History of Islam in Germany

Actually, Islam has been known by the Germans since the days of the occupation of the Islamic Caliphate in Spain. At that moment of power and progress of the Islamic world respected by the nations of Europe. Andalusia used as a center of science under the Islamic Caliphate. Europeans began to enter the Middle Ages, they called it a dark age or the Dark Age. It is precisely such designation for Europeans of that era. Expansion and advancement of large-scale Islamic Caliphate, both in political, economic, cultural, and science far beyond the nations of Europe. At the time of the crusades, wars occurred between Muslims with European nations, especially France, Germany and Britain. After the crusade ended, tolerance between religions and cultures also take place. At that time European nations including Germany began to know more about Islam. Poets number one in Germany, Wolfgang von Goethe, was an admirer of Muhammad PBUH. Republika daily load ever biography of Wolfgang von Goethe on the rubric of the Islamic world. It is said in the text that von Goethe put the teachings of Islam in his work. Posts Basmallah also adorn the books he made. At the end of his utter two sentences khayatnya creed. Relations between Germany and Islam continues. As revealed in Medan Daily Alert, that in the year 1739, King Friedrich Wilhelm I founded a mosque in the city of Potsdam to the Moslem army, they were called by the name Muhammadaner troops. They were also given guarantees freedom of worship. In February 1807 King Wilhelm troops Muhammadaner help fight Napoleon of France. Together with other German troops, they were fighting Russia and Poland. In one regiment named Towarczy, 1220 and 1320 Muslim soldiers other soldiers Christian. In those days, the Muslims in Germany in addition to being soldiers, they are also many became merchants, diplomats, scientists, and writers. At the time of the First World War, Germany again allied with the Muslim armies of the Ottoman Turks. This makes the Muslim community in Germany grew more and more to strengthen its existence. German Muslim institutions already established in 1930. Between 1933 and 1945, there were more than three thousand German citizens are Muslims, and three hundred of them bloody ethnic Germans. Unfortunately, when the leadership of Hitler and the second world war, the Islamic ummah fragmented. Freedom of worship is threatened. Some Muslims go to escape to the Balkan country. After the second world war ended with the defeat of Germany acquired, the relationship between Germans and Muslims back in touch. The presence of Islam in Germany increased in the 1960s. As a result of world wars, shattered the German state. Germany needs a lot of labor. The workers came from Italy, Turkey and Eastern Europe to build Germany's back. After they completed the work contract, these workers refused to return to their country, they even brought his family to-family residence in Germany. Berlin became a city with the largest number of Turkish community after Istanbul. Muslims from Yugoslavia and Iran also came and settled in Germany. These brought the total Muslim population in Germany more than two million people in early 1990.

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Label: History of Islam in Germany

One day in the 7th century Chinese emperor sent messengers to the Emperor Firus of the Persian Empire. The core of this delegation is asking faculty personnel al-Qur `an for a number of people in China. Firuz refused to assume China is too far away ....
It is said that reconciliation has been entered into China when the Messenger of Allah is still alive. According to H. Abu Bakr Aceh in his history of al-Qur `an, the Messenger of Allah had sent Abdul Wahab bin Abi Kabsyah to deliver prizes as well as introducing Islam to the rulers of China. He arrived in Canton (Guang Dong), and he spread Islam there until death also there.
Rejection Firuz encourage Chinese authorities to immediately send a delegation to Medina. Envoy received by Uthman bin Affan. Then the caliph sends first delegation to China in 651.And the facts show in the city of Xian, the capital of ancient China, after years of it, built the mosque is named Qinging (clean and quiet) in the year 684.The envoy was greeted with ceremony Sianfu greatness.
In the history of the Tang Dynasty (618-907) mentioned many names as delegates from the Islamic government of Baghdad, Abo greedy (Abu Abbas) and Apu cha fo (Abu Jakfar). Then also A lun (Harun al-Rashid).
Many Islamic leaders in China, such as Joseph Ma Fu Chu and Nurul Right Ma Chih Pen.Islamic schools stood quite rapidly in China, until the institute level. Those who graduated from this institute was inaugurated to coincide with the Hari Raya and they were given a green turban and robe and a white headband. And they get the title "Ahong" or "Abong"It is said that title comes from the Arabic word "brother", but according to Chinese scholars (Muhammad Ma Kien), the title comes from "Akhund" in Persian, meaning "Syech".
Speaking Chinese Muslim problem, we must not forget China with a worldwide figure of Admiral Ceng Ho.
Admiral Cengho have done 7 times the voyage to the West Indies (Indonesia) with jumalh ships totaling 208 and performed for about 28 years ...He did shilaturrohmi politics, trade and also to spread Islam in Indonesia,
Ceng Ho is sometimes known by the name of Sam Po Kong (1371-1433) was close to the Ming Dynasty emperor, derived from the Yunan region.Sailing into 1,2 and 3, he headed the Aceh and Palembang and Java and Kalimantan.His voyage to 4,5,6 Sumater menyelurusuri north, Palembang and Java to Borneo without a third wish as well as shipping, more scour northern Sumatra and Java.In Java, according to records history ever to Semarang, Gresik, Surabaya never berkhutbah Friday in Wikrama Ward met with King at the palace of Majapahit, Mojokerto, etc..
People baratpun acknowledge that Ceng Ho (1405) is the Great Sailors, even much bigger and before Christofer Columbus (1492), Vasco da Gama (1497), and Ferdinand Magellan (1519),Jumah ship that carried by Ceng Ho (208), Cristoper C (3), Vasco da Gama (4) and Ferdinand (5).So it is worth being called Laksaman Cengho was a seaman of the world .....
According to the History of Chinese experts, Prof. Haji Lie Shihou, he found from your search history, that Admiral Ceng Ho is a derivative of the Holy Prophet (Ahlul stanza) of the 37, From the Holy Prophet, and Ali kwh, then Hou Sa Ni (Hussein) , Xi Lai Bu Yi Mo, Si Ma Yi Ai Le, Xie Xin, Hou Ele Sai Ni (probably Ali Husain mean), Ye Ha Yes, E Ha Mo De (maybe maskdunya Muhammad), Sha Li Shi (Mi Si Le Royal Emperor ), She Li Ma Mi Mu Ye Lu, Ya Xin, Lu Er Ding, Mu-Sha Ba er, Ma Xin Yi Si, Ha San, Bu Gu Ding, Mu Xie, Hu Fu Ding, Ding Wu Nai Mai, An Du Er Yi, Suo Fei Er (Sayiidina Syafei), Sai Gong na lai Yan Su, Su Zu Zha, Ding Ma Kan Yu Su Pu, Mu Ha Ma Go Ma Ding Nai, Bai Yan, Mi In Na, Ma Haji, and Ma He (Ceng Ho )....
Alhamdulillah, with the Laksanaman Ceng Ho who is Chinese, we in Indonesia can know Islam and learn Islam until now ....

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Label: History of Islam in China

Religion Islam has spread in China for over 1300 years. In China, there are as many as over 140 million inhabitants from 10 ethnic groups who are Muslims, including ethnic Huizu, Uygur, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Tajiks, Uzbeks, Tatars and others. Muslim population living in a place equally across China, especially in the northwestern part of China, including provinces of Gansu, Qinghai, Shanxi, Xinjiang Regional autonomy and autonomy Ningxia Region. Religion Islam is not foreign to the people in this country. He has become one of the important religion in China.Religion Islam is believed to develop in China in the year 651 AD, namely in the days of the Tang dynasty. Tang Dynasty is one of the most prosperous dynasties in Chinese history. In those days, there are two roads from the state capital of Tang Dynasty to the Arab countries, the two roads were known as the Silk Road, the Silk Road of the Army, through the western part of China, another Marine Silk Road through the port of Guangzhou in southern China, yachting through Southeast Asia and finally reached the Arab countries. Land is more prosperous Silk Road at the beginning, and finally the Gaza sea silk has replaced its role.Islamic Religion in the Tang dynasty was still weak, much less the number of adherents, most adherents is from Arab merchants who lived in China, and they are mostly richer than ordinary people.At the time of Wudai, northern China and southern China often fought more safely, many adherents of Islam have moved to southern China. In those days, the religion of Islam has grown, many Chinese people also embraced Islam.The mosque at the time of the Tang dynasty and Wudai still has Arab art style and have not received the influence of traditional Chinese art. Most of the mosque at that time located at the port or airport, the center of politics and economics. Huaizheng Mosque in Guangzhou city which nurtured the Tang dynasty is considered the oldest mosque in China. The mosque still has Arab art style.In the Song Dynasty, the religion of Islam is considered more noble by the Chinese people, the religion of Islam has been initially developed in China and the region residence of the broader Muslim population. Many foreigners who are Muslims living in the city of Guangzhou in Guangdong province and the city of Quanzhou in Fujian province in berkumpulan. Mosque in the Song Dynasty which still exist today are not many, the most famous mosque is "Qing Jing Si" dibandar Quanzhou.Yuan Dynasty is the times that are most important to the development of Islam in China. Islam in China the fastest growing and most prosperous in those days and have an important position, the political arena and community life. Brother who embraced Islam grew rapidly, and residents of Chinese Muslims held many communications with the Arab world. Mosques in China at that time to multiply, and in addition characterized by Arabic art, they have received a Chinese art form, many uses of carved wood.In the Ming Dynasty, the development of Islam in China has faced obstacles, the first emperor of the Ming Dynasty despise the religion of Islam. King issued orders to ban cow slaughter people in isolation and some basic discriminate Muslims, including Muslims should not become employees of the kingdom and others. This has sparked Muslim anger in China and held a revolt of the Muslim population in the national capital. in the south, overlord malarang trade by sea, all ships are not allowed to sail. In the north, a massive overlord fix Wall of China. It has been decided the relationship and communication between Muslims in China and the Arab, Islamic religion in China develops its own. Since then, the religion of Islam in China is increasingly patterned China. But the persecutors overlord and public pressure has prompted peatumbuhan Huizu ethnic, ethnic Huizu ethnic Muslim is the most widely in China. Since ethnic Huizu grown, a small Islamic community that has a form in Chinese society, this is a marker of the historical development of Islam in China.The development of Islamic religion in the Qing Dynasty has an important position in the history of Islam in China. So to speak, on the Yuan Dynasty, the Islamic population has increased massively, but the Qing Dynasty, the quality of the Islamic religion has improved massively and the influence of Islam to China's society is increasingly widespread. Muslims in the Qing Dynasty held many rebellions, the largest 5 times. Maharaja hate and despise against Islam, the king is afraid of Islam. In addition, several classes of adherents of Islam has existed in China.Ming and Qing Dynasty a century of development and transition to the mosque in China, the art of the mosque in beransur-art ansur changed from Arabic to Chinese art. But the decorations in the mosque is patterned mix.Islamic culture has an important position in Chinese culture, Muslims in China had contributed greatly to the development of Chinese science and technology. Calendars are created by the Muslims never used in China for a long time. Tools that guide the direction space created by an expert on astronomy called Zamaruddin very popular in the Yuan Dynasty in China. Mathematical sciences that developed from the Arabic has been accepted by the Chinese. Arab medicine science is also a partial rather than Chinese medicine science. Muslims are also famous for making cannon in China, the Yuan Dynasty to use a type of cannon that are recognized as cannon ethnic Huizu created by Chinese Muslims. Cannon that does not use pop material, but use stones as bullets, and cannon was very popular in China at that time. In addition, Muslims are also known for coaching and weaving techniques.Since the PRC was founded in 1949, Islam has been growing rapidly. Chinese empire free basic practice of religion, not promote religious people, but all legitimate religions are protected. Kingdom also provide the cost to repair the mosque, and gives the basic virtues of the Muslims. For instance, now, China set the dead should be burned, but the kingdom of China provides land specifically for Muslims who died was interred. Muslim children go to school easier, and the kingdom of setting up a special secondary school for Muslim children. In addition, the kingdom also set up Islamic centers and hospitals of Islam. Kingdom also provides assistance to mosques and Islamic Union for the repair of buildings and daily expenses. For example during Niujie mosque, the mosque is the oldest and famous in Beijing celebrating the anniversary of 1000, the kingdom of giving the fund as much as several million Yuan RMB to repair the mosque. Now, the Islamic area in Beijing's Xuanwu district was created as before, the kingdom of providing new homes to residents of Islam. The area was getting more and more beautiful.In the past, Chinese Muslims are not able to perform Hajj, but now, many Chinese people who are Muslims perform the Hajj at his own cost. kingdom also menyadiakan ease in various fields.Now, Muslims and the non-Muslims are equal, the Muslim population working in various fields in society, they united with other ethnic and have contributed greatly to the country's development.

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Label: History of Islam in China

Science Tuntutlah up to China, "so said the Arab adage. Long before Allah revealed the teachings of Islam, the Chinese had indeed reached a very high civilization. At that time, the Bamboo Curtain country had mastered the wealth of diverse treasures of science and civilization.
It is undeniable that Muslims also absorb a lot of science and civilization of this country. Some examples, among others, science ketabiban, paper and gunpowder. The greatness and the high civilization of Chinese society was already heard in Arab countries before the year 500 AD
Since then, the Arab merchants and sailors of the trade relationship with the `Middle Kingdom '- the nickname of China.
To be able berkongsi with Chinese merchants, sailors and Arab merchants bravely sailed the ocean ferociously. They `lift the scenes' of Basra in the Arabian Gulf and the city of Siraf in the Persian Gulf to the Indian ocean.
Before reaching mainland China, the Arab sailors and merchants across Sri Lanka and direct the boat to the Straits of Malacca. After that, they berlego anchor at the port of Guangzhou or the Arabs call it Khanfu. Guangzhou is the center of trade and the oldest port in China. Since then, many Arabs who settled in China.
When Islam has flourished and the Prophet Muhammad established the rule in Medina, across the sea of China was entering the period of unification and defense. According to early historical records of China, Chinese society was already aware of the religion of Islam in the Middle East. They call the government the Prophet Muhammad as Al-Madina.
The Chinese know Islam as Yisilan Jiao, which means 'pure religion'. Chinese society called Mecca as the birthplace of 'Buddha Ma-wormwood-wu' (Prophet Muhammad SAW). There are several versions saga about the beginnings of Islam blossomed on the plains of China. The first version said that Islam first arrived in China brought the companions of the Apostle which moved into al-Habasha Abyssinia (Ethiopia). Companions of the Prophet migrated to Ethiopia to avoid the wrath and fury of the Quraish ignorant masses. They are; Ruqayyah, daughter of the Prophet; Usman bin Affan, the husband Ruqayyah; Sa'ad bin Abi Waqqas, the uncle of the Prophet Muhammad, and a number of other companions.
The friend who moved to Ethiopia that get protection from the King Atsmaha Negus in Axum town. Many friends who choose to stay and not return to Arab lands. That said, they is then sailing and arrived in mainland China during the Sui Dynasty in power (581 AD - 618 AD).
Another source said the teachings of Islam first arrived in China when the Sa'ad Abi Waqqas and three companions sailed to China from Ethiopia in the year 616 AD After arriving in China, Sa'ad back to Arabia and 21 years later back again to Guangzhou took the holy book the Koran.
There is a mention, the teachings of Islam first arrived in China in 615 AD - about 20 years after the Prophet Muhammad died. Caliph Uthman ibn Affan is assigned Sa'ad ibn Abi Waqqas to bring divine teachings to the Chinese mainland. That said, Sa'ad died in China in the year 635 AD Grave known as Geys' Mazars.
Deputy Envoy was received openly by the Emperor Yung Wei of the Tang Dynasty. The Emperor was then ordered the construction of the mosque or the mosque Huaisheng Memorial in Canton - the first mosque established in mainland China. When the powerful Tang Dynasty, China was reaching the golden age and a cosmopolitan culture. So, with easy to spread Islamic teachings and is known to the Chinese people.
At first, followers of Islamic religion in China is the largest of the Arab and Persian merchants. The Chinese who first embraced Islam is Hui Chi tribe. Since then, adherents of Islam in China's growing a lot. When the Song Dynasty reign, Muslims had taken control of export and import industry. In fact, at that period of office director general of shipping has consistently held the Muslims.
In the year 1070 AD, the emperor of the Song Dynasty invite Shenzong 5300 Muslim men from Bukhara to stay in China. The goal is to build a buffer zone between China by Liao Empire in the North East. The man was then settled in Bukhara between Kaifeng and Yenching (Beijing). They were led by Prince Amir Sayyid alias 'So-Fei Er'. He holds a `father 'of the Muslim community in China.
When the Mongol Yuan Dynasty (1274 AD -1368 AD) came to power, the number of followers of Islam in China is increasingly large. Mongols, as a minority in China, providing opportunities to increase the status of Muslim immigrants into the Han Chinese. So the effect of Muslims in China is increasingly strong. Hundreds of thousands of Muslim immigrants in Western and Central Asia were recruited to assist the expansion of the Mongol dynasty territory and influence of empire.
The Mongols use the services of the Persians, Arabs and Uyghur to administer tax and finance. At that time, many Muslims who led the corporation in the early period of the Yuan Dynasty. Muslim scholars examine and compile astronomical calendar. In addition, the Muslim architect also helped design the capital of the Yuan Dynasty, Khanbaliq.
In the reign of the Ming Dynasty, Muslims still have a strong influence in government circles. The founder of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang is a leading Muslim generals, including Lan Yu's Who. In 1388, Lan led the troops of the Ming Dynasty and subdue Mongolia. Shortly after it appeared the Admiral Cheng Ho - a Muslim sailor reliably.
When the Ming Dynasty to power, immigrants from Muslim countries began to prohibited and restricted. China also turned into a country isolated itself. Muslims in China had started to use the dialect of Chinese. Mosque architecture began to follow the Chinese tradition. In this era of Nanjing became an important center of Islamic studies. After that, China's relations with Muslim rulers began to deteriorate.

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Label: History of Islam in China

Amid the windmill that became mascot Netherlands there are about 200 mosques and views of women wearing the hijab in various major cities in this country, not a strange thing. Of the 15.6 million Dutch population, about sejutaan of them are Muslim or 4 percent of the population. And History of Muslims in the Netherlands can be ordered from the 1960s, during which the Dutch government bring in foreign workers, mostly from the region mediterian because of lack of manpower. Turkish and Moroccan immigrants are carriers syiar then Islam in the Netherlands.
As elsewhere in Europe, Islam became the religion that is very attractive to many Europeans. No wonder the growth of Islam in Europe including the Netherlands quite rapidly. This makes the Dutch government worried. No wonder the negative stigmatization efforts against Islamic teaching was done. Including the accused terrorist. (Watch Islam in the Netherlands)
In his press conference with the news agency 'Reuters', Tajebe Gostra, national coordinator for combating terrorism in the Netherlands declares, "Here, the Netherlands, we have witnessed an increasingly strong tendency toward fundamentalism among the young. Young people seem so quick to menganutnya "
There are a number of factors that encourage the acceleration of the number of Muslims in the country's Windmills. Among the elite citizens of the capital of Holland, it turns out his 59% do not believe in any religion. For the Netherlands they generally suffer a significant setback, especially in Amsterdam. That's what drives many churches and religious foundations Christians close or sell their assets, because they are increasingly falling number jama'ah.
Netherlands, "said Wilders in the Netherlands related scene lately where many encountered Muslim headscarves, a bearded Muslim and mosque towers are popping up in the State's Windmills.
Wilders is not the first Dutch MP who attacked Islam. Several years ago, his predecessor Ayaan Hirsi Ali, seeking fame and political office with insulting Islam. This Somalia-born Dutch politician denounced Islam as a religion of backward and degrading women. He also accused the Rosulullah saw as a heretic because married A'ishah who was a child. No less heinous, in accusing the Messenger of Allah was pervers (have a sexual disorder).
Ironically, by claiming himself as a former Muslim, he was then considered an expert talk about Islam, especially about the Islamic view on women. He was also given space as experts on Islam in the circle akedemis, publish books, and wrote a story for insulting Islam film called "Submission". In the film he accuses the Koran encourages kekacaun and the rape of the entire family. The film that aims to publish insulting Islam is a Muslim who pray, but dressed in his penetrating eyes and writing the verses of the Koran. Because of this movie, the director Theo Van Gogh was murdered by Muhammad Buyeri are not willing to be insulted his religion.
Hirsi Ali was expelled from the Netherlands after getting caught falsifying application for Dutch citizenship. Dutch passport had been revoked. He also withdrew from the Dutch parliament. When the Dutch arrived in 1992, he admitted running from forced marriages during the war torn Somalia. He later gained the sympathy and lend credibility to his lies about Islam, though he suffered directly as a woman oppressed by Islam. His lies were uncovered. Develop a television program in the Netherlands, Hirsi family members said they were not aware of any such forced marriages. Even Hirsi actually not living in Somalia, but to live comfortably in Kenya for 12 years.
Although proven to lie with his experience, Hirsi still considered to have authority to speak about Islam by the West. After leaving Holland, he later worked as an expert on research institutes neo conservative American Enterprise Institute (AEI) in the U.S. where he lives now.
The Dutch government pernha pushing a bill that prohibits the use of the niqab (veil) in public places. Although this bill failed, Wilder again trying to ban veiled campaign for this. Wilder adds a long list of other things that need to be banned for Muslims, including the Qur'an, niqab and Dutch citizenship for Muslims.
Muslims do have a bad experience with the Dutch state. For about 350 years this country colonized Islamic lands of Indonesia. History records inhuman treatment committed by the Dutch. Starting from the forced cultivation, forced labor, until the massacre.
The same experience never felt the Bosnian Muslims. The Dutch government in December 2006 has been awarded the UN Peace Dutch troops who had surrendered to the Serbs of Srebrenica during Bosnia's 1992-1995 war. Serbia then do pembantantai mass in July 1995 after the Dutch handed the big city to serbian. Over 8000 Muslims were killed. In a vidoe looks generals Mladic smile gives gifts to the Dutch war commander Col. Tom Karreman. Then Col. Karreman did tos for the triumph of the Serbian generals.
Insult to Islam like this continue to repeat and had long since occurred. Only Khilafahlah to be able to stop their dirty mouth so that the fort of Islam remain intact and protected by the army of the Caliphate. Therefore, no one else would dare approach the enemy of Islamic buildings, let alone climb.
Insult to Islam by declaring war. Khilafah will deploy troops, missiles, and artillery so that people who want to forget his intention to insult Islam. Even the heathen would not ever dare to insult Islam again, for fear of the Khilafah and the reaction, until the Khilafah does not need to deploy the troops!
Khilafah history has clearly shown it. Evidence of maintenance of the Caliphate of Islam and Muslims at all obvious, not only against those who insult Islam and the Prophet of Islam, the Prophet Muhammad., Even of contempt on something that is lighter than that. The story of a woman who despised by the Jews in their markets at the time of the Prophet. And then they fought against and expelled (from Medina). The story of a woman who was humiliated by the Romans so that the Caliph himself directly in charge of the troops to give the Romans a lesson until it came to pass Amuriyah conquest of the city.
Those who attempt to attack the Prophet's tomb. during the Abbasid Caliphate, when Nur al-Din Zanki served as guardian (governor) of Syria in the year 557 H, and the knowledge Caliph, Nur al-Din also traveled to Medina to capture and kill them, namely the Christians who attacked the Prophet's tomb., as form of defense to the Messenger of Allah. At that time they, the Christians, had dug a tunnel from a house near the Prophet's mosque, to be able to reach the cemetery he saw.
Even when the condition of weak ones, while maintaining the Caliphate of Islam and Muslims. Khilafah still able to blow away the fear in the hearts of the infidel invaders. Bernard Shaw mentions in his memoirs, that in 1913 AD, ie during the time of the Ottoman Caliphate was weak, he is prohibited from issuing a story that contained an insult to the Messenger of Allah. Lord Chamberlin banned for fear of the reaction of the Ottoman Caliphate Daula ambassador in London.
This is indeed a serious matter, not playing games, O Muslims. Surely something that could hinder an insult to Islam that is clear and not something that is not known, namely: Khilafah 'ala Minhaj-an-nubuwwah Caliphate that follows the method of Prophethood. Khilafah is what will protect the land and honor. Khilafah is an obligation, even the most important obligation.

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Label: The history of Islam in the Netherlands

Netherlands, synonymous with windmills. Therefore, whoever will not have trouble finding the building windmills in the country. And windmills, it became a symbol of the country ever colonized Indonesia for 350 years.
Even so, as with building a mosque. Although in the Netherlands the majority of the population are Christian, but look for building the mosque is not difficult. The reason, more than 200 mosques scattered throughout the country.
In fact, looking for Muslims was also not too difficult. Because, there are more than one million Muslims living in the Netherlands. Starting from Amsterdam, Den Haag, Einhoven, and a number of other areas. They have a bersurban, hooded, or an ordinary dress, a common thing encountered. Islam and religious activities were, very stretched in this country.
Stretching is not separated from the presence of Muslims who number about one million people. They are citizens and immigrants. This number includes four to five percent of the population reached 16 million inhabitants.
From the figures above, the Dutch also have a privileged position in the eyes of European Muslims. The Netherlands became the second largest European country populous Muslim nation in terms of percentage of population, after France.Islam is a religion with the most rapid development. It seems inseparable from the relationship between Islam and the Netherlands who has had a long span of history ever since the 17th century.
Therefore, the contribution of Muslims to the progress made Holland, sangatlah.besar. And the contribution of Muslims, it could color the state policy in respect of religious freedom and tolerance.
Religious sentiment
At first, the Dutch Muslim community interaction with local communities work well. Residents also respect the beliefs of Muslims. And, Muslims started to build a number of places of worship. Repercussion azan also allowed, though with loudspeakers though only once a week.
Dutch Muslims also established a number of slaughterhouses (RPH), and they also practice ways of slaughter as the teachings of Sharia (Islamic). Some offices provide prayer facilities to employees who are Muslims, fasting Ramadan and ljbur holidays.
However, times full of intimacy is starting to face severe test, especially since the beginning of the 21st century. Anti-Islamic sentiment increasingly widespread due to provocation and negative accusations against religion and race
Islam. Therefore, Muslims must berjibaku to ward off negative accusations launched by the anti-Islamic.
The Orientalists and anti-Islamic circles, endlessly instill fear and hatred against Muslims and Islam in society. They worry that Islam will be growing rapidly in Europe including the Netherlands. They think, if it happens, it will threaten the culture and values that they profess. An excuse and phobias are highly exaggerated.
Fear has even reached the level of hatred. Most people now no longer reluctant to support groups that often discredit Islam. The voices to take the rights of Muslims, to close the mosque, forcing Muslims to follow
Western lifestyle, continue echoed. So also with the banning of the hijab (headscarf) and terrorism. Now, Muslims in the Netherlands, is really entering a period of trials and testing.
The climax, when the murder of a famous columnist and filmmaker, Theo van Gogh, in Amsterdam in 2004. Theo is a controversial filmmaker who tells of the persecution Submission that allegedly often experienced by Muslim women by their husbands.
This assassination jerking Dutch society, especially after the perpetrator is known to Muslim immigrants from Morocco. The motive for the murder of alleged Van Gogh's opinions during this very insulting Muslims and often provoke.
Sociologist Dick Pels, quoted by Radio Netherlands wereldomroep.nl site, said the Dutch face seemed changed after the killing of Van Gogh. The moment that utilized a number of circles, one of the famous is Geert Wilders, Dutch MP.
"Since the murder occurred, many people think that Islam is a threat. And that Wilders used properly," said Dick Pels.Menurutnya, there are similarities between Van Gogh and Wilders. Both have a fear of the Islamization of culture. That's what made him continue to speak out anti-Islamic.
Several years ago, ignited anger Wilders Dutch Muslim community with plans playback * abusive Islam film Fitna. As if not satisfied, Wilders initiated the draft law on limitation of the hijab (burqa).
He suggested that every Muslim who wants to wear the hijab have to ask permission, and pay 1000 euros per year for that privilege.
"We've been saturated with a headscarf. We do everything to reduce the use of the hijab. We've been drafting legislation to ban the burka," she said on the site rnw.nl.
The most common argument from the statement some observers linked this series of events, explained opendemocracy.net article on the site, marking yet strong foundation of tolerance and multiculturalism in society.
"As a consequence, the Dutch fear it would face an identity crisis. This requires a review again the essential principles in society, in order to promote tolerance in a stronger position," wrote the article.
Minimal Knowledge Is anti-Islamic sentiment became a common sight in today's society? An Islamic activist, Idries De Vries, see, in recent years, the Dutch public attitudes toward Islam does tend to be negative.
"That, among others, triggered the global Islamic revival that began to affect the dynamics in many countries, including Holland," he explained in situsatauaie. Cause so easily arise hatred can be traced from historical background. Idries suggests, although the relationship between Islam and the Netherlands has lasted longer and produce a variety of knowledge about Islam, many Dutch people in general who do not understand Islam correctly.
Crucial point is the variety of information of knowledge about Islam that was not less than 300 years, seems like the slanting ta difficult to access by ordinary citizens. Only certain circles who can get it.He gave an example, the library at leading universities, actually save a lot of information about Islam. "But, valuable manuscripts should therefore not be studied by ordinary people."
On the other hand, he added, among which have less access to information also use it to understand Islam correctly.
"So, the rise of anti-Islamic opinions due to a combination of public ignorance about Islam and the mentality of the academics who do not study Islam to seek the truth or to foster good relations with Muslims."

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Label: The history of Islam in the Netherlands

999 AD: Muslim historian Abu Bakr Ibn Umar Al-Guttiya narrated during the reign of Caliph Hisham II named Muslm Spain (976 AD -1009 AD), a Muslim navigator Ibn Farrukh named had sailed from Kadesh in February 999 AD to the Atlantic. He landed in Gando or Canary Islands Kingdom. Ibn Farrukh visit King Guanariga. The Muslim explorers gave the name of two islands namely Capraria and Pluitana. Ibn Farrukh returned to Spain in May 999 ADYear 1178 AD: A Chinese document called Document Sung noted Muslim sailors traveling to an area called Mu-Lan-Pi (America). Year 1310 AD: Abu Bakari a Muslim king of the Kingdom of Mali made a series of trips to new countries. Year 1312 AD: A Muslim man from Africa (Mandiga) arrived in the Gulf of Mexico to explore the Americans use as a main line Mississippi River trip.1530 M: Slaves from Africa arrived in America. During the period of slavery more than 10 million Africans sold into the U.S.. Most slaves came from Fulas, Fula Jallon, Fula Toro, and Massiona - West Asia region. 30 percent of the number of slaves from Africa were Muslim.In 1539 M: Estevanico of Azamor, a Muslim from Morocco, landed on Florida soil. No fewer than two states of Arizona and New Mexico that is owed to the Muslims from Morocco this. In 1732 M: Ayyub ibn Sulaiman Jallon, a Muslim slave in Maryland, liberated by James Oglethorpe, founder of Georgia. In 1790 AD: The Moors of Spain reportedly been living in South Carolina and Florida.

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Label: The history of Islam in America

Now and again you try to open a map of America. Examine the name of a place in Uncle Sam's country. As Muslims, surely you will be surprised.What article? It turned out so many names of places and cities that use words that are rooted and derived from the language of Muslims, namely Arabic.Do not believe? Try the Los Angeles area. In area it turns out there are the names of the region derived from the effect of Muslims. Call it, there is a region called the Alhambra. Alhambra is not the name of the palace built in Cordoba Islamic civilization?There was also a name that is named El Morro Bay and Alamitos. Not only that, there is also the name of places such as Andalusia, Attilla, Alla, Aladdin, Albany, Alcazar, Alameda, Alomar, Almansor, Almar, Alva, Amber, Azure, and La Habra.After that, let's shift to the center of America. Starting from the south to Illinois also contained the names of the nuances of Islamic cities such as Albany, Andalusia, Attalla, Lebanon, and Tullahoma. In fact, in the state of Washington there is a city of Salem.Another Islamic influence in naming a place or region in America is also very thick felt in the naming of the Caribbean (derived from Arabic). In the Central American region, for example, there is a region of Jamaica and Cuba. The question arises, whether the name of the Cuban roots of the word originated and Quba - the first mosque was built Prophet Mosque Quba. State thousands of city of La Habana Cuba (Havana).In the Americas there was a row of names is also rooted in the language of Islamic civilization as the island of Grenada, Barbados, Bahamas, and Nassau. In South America there is the name of the cities of Cordoba (in Argentina), Alcantara (in Brazil), Bahia (in Brazil and Argentina). There is also the name of Absarooka mountains located on the west coast.According to Dr A Zahoor, such as Alabama state name originated from the word of God bamya. While Arkansas is derived from the Arkan-sah. While Tennessee from Tanasuh said. In addition, there is also the name of a place in America that use the names of the holy city of Islam, as Mecca in Indiana, Medina in Idaho, Medina in New York, Medina and Hazen in North Dakota, Medina in Ohio, Medina in Tennessee, and Medina in Texas. That foreshadowed the Islamic civilization in the Americas.

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Label: The history of Islam in America

Christopher Columbus called America as 'The New World' when it first set foot on the continent on October 21, 1492. However, for Muslims in the golden era, America is not a 'New World'. Because, 603 years before Spanish explorers had discovered the continent, Muslim explorers from West Africa has built a civilization in America.Claims of Western history which claimed Columbus as the discoverer of the Americas finally broken. A series of historians found that the explorers had set foot Muslims and spreading Islam on the continent for more than half a millennium before Columbus. Historically Muslims have contributed in science, art, and humanity in the Americas.''There is no doubt, Muslims have been historically influential in the evolution of American society a few centuries before Christopher Columbus found it,''said Fareed H. Numan in the American Muslim History A Chronological Observation. History records of African Muslims have established relationships with Native American continent long before Columbus arrived.Historian Ivan Van Sertima in his They Came Before Columbus proves the existence of contacts between African Muslims with native Americans. In another work, African Presence in Early America, Van Sertima, find the fact that Muslim traders from Arabia is also very active trade with the people who live in America.Van Sertima also said, when set foot in the Americas, Columbus also expressed his admiration to those who have Muslim CARIBBEAN. "Columbus was also the year that the Muslims from the West coast of Africa has stayed ahead in the Caribbean, Central America, South and North," said Van Sertima. Muslims who initially trade has built communities in the area by marrying a native.According to Van Sertima, Columbus also claim to see a mosque while sailing through Gibara in Cuba Beach. In addition, the Spanish explorer nationals have also seen the mosque building stands majestically in Cuba, Mexico, Texas, and Nevada. That is clear evidence that Islamic civilization has been planted in the Americas long before the West arrived.Other facts about the Islamic presence in America long before Columbus came also disclosed Dr. Barry Fell, an archaeologist and linguist of Harvard University. In his book Saga America, Fell said that Muslims do not just arrive in America before Columbus. However, Muslims also have built a civilization on the continent.Fell also found the fact that very surprising. According to him, the language used by the Pima in the Southwest and Algonquina language, much vocabulary that comes from Arabic. Archaeologists also found an old article Islami in some places like in California.In Inyo County, the state of California, Fell also found another old inscription which reads' Yasus bin Maria "which in Arabic means" Jesus, son of Mary ". "This is not a Christian phrase,''said Fell. In fact, according to him, the phrase found in the Koran. The old paper, he said, older than several centuries from the United States.Archaeologists and linguists were also found texts, diagrams, and maps that were carved in the stone used for school purposes. The findings were bertarikh between the years 700 to 800 AD The text and diagrams that contain subjects of mathematics, history, geography, astronomy and sea navigation. Language teaching found that using Arabic Kufi inscription from North Africa.German art historian, Alexander Von Wuthenau, also found evidence and the fact the existence of Islam in America in the year 800 AD to 900 AD Wuthenau find a carving depicting the head like the Moors. That means, Islam has blossomed in the United States about half millennium before Columbus was born.He also found a similar carving bertarik 900 AD to 1500 AD Artifacts are found that resemble photos of parents are commonly encountered in Egypt. Youssef Mroueh in Muslim writings in The Americas Before Columbus describe the narrative Mahir Abdal-Razzaaq El, Native Americans who embraced Islam. Mahir comes from the Cherokee tribe, known as Eagle Sun Walker.Mahir explained, Muslim explorers have come to hold the birth of the Cherokee tribe is almost more than 1,000 years ago. More important than just recognition, the presence of Islam in America, especially in the Cherokee tribe is the discovery of the laws, treatises and resolution which shows the fact that Muslims in the continent was so active.One of the facts which prove that the Native American tribe embraced Islam can be traced in the National Archives atu Library of Congress. Agreement 1987 or Treat of 1987 states that the Native American people embraced the Islamic system in the field of trade, maritime, and government. Carolina state archives implementing legislation as applied to the Moors.According to Youssef, leader of the Cherokee tribe in 1866 pata M is a man called Ramadhan Bin Wati. The clothes worn tribe until the year 1832 AD was the Islamic dress code. ''In North America there are at least 565 tribal name, township, city, and mountain roots he says comes from the Arabic,''said Youssef.The facts that prove that Islam has been present in American soil, when the Islamic Caliphate holding glory. Until now, the rapidly growing Islamic religion in America - especially after the events of September 11. The American public is increasingly interested and believe that Islam is the truest religion.

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Label: The history of Islam in America

INDRA - David Brown is interesting to see the movement of Muslims in southern Thailand as part of a reaction to the 'internal colonialism in Thailand. Economic disparity between center and province on the outskirts of the growth of the spirit of 'separatism', or Brown's term 'ethnic separatism' which occurred in the South, North and Northeast.
Each involves the Malay Muslims in the south, ethnic hills in the North and Isan people in the Northeast. The identity of Malay Muslims in the South, communist society in the North is clearly different from the Thai-Buddhist majority, while in the Northeast are just different ethnicities, namely the Lao-Thai groups, although the same religion.
This disparity is very striking, in 1983, long before the monetary crisis that began in Thailand, Bangkok Metropolis City has an income per capita, 51,441 baht, while the Muslim Minorities, Conflict and Reconciliation in South Thailand South 97, 16,148 baht, three times more low compared to Bangkok, while in the north, 12,441 Bath and North East region, 7146 baht.
This disparity caused disappointment, jealousy and fair rasatidak which later resulted in the public's desire to regulate their own (autonomy, and independence).
Twenty-four years later, even this gap is widening, because the government is suspicious of the growing power of community in this region, and development are not prioritized.
Disparities have profound consequences beyond the economic aspects, namely the slow improvement of human resources, unequal education, and pressure-based policies that threaten public security.
Society seemed not at 'home' of their own. This discrepancy is also a lower level of community nationalism outside the Thai-Buddhist majority. The contrast between the Malay Muslims in the South and the Buddhist-Thai in Thailand throughout the region viewed by Ted Robert Gurr is not on the diversity of ethnicity, but rather on his religion. Southern Thai Muslims and Buddhists adopted almost throughout Thailand.
Countries with multi-religious and multiethnic population gets a big challenge how to unite them under the umbrella of nationalism. Moreover, some ethnic or religious denominations have grown in a dynamic force for hundreds of years.
Some separatist movements arise from a single ethnic or religious who have the policy 'discriminatory' from central government.
This policy was created to curb the strengthening of local identity so that the central government felt threatened, or deliberately made for the purpose of 'national integration'. Between 1947 to 1953, several new countries in Southeast Asia have pop group that requires 'special autonomy' or 'separation' from the central government.
Two countries that have not managed to 'conquer' the group including southern Thailand and Filipina.yang coincidence both Muslim minority amid a majority of Buddhists in Thailand and Christians in the Philippines. While Islam spread to various countries in Southeast Asia, including to Southern Thailand, or known as Patani Muslims, or officially in Thailand, Islam Pattani.
This paper will explore the dynamics of Islam in southern Thailand from the aspect of ethnicity (social) and security. The main focus on the development of Pattani Muslims between 2004 and May 2007. This period is very urgent not only because of the many victims in this period, at least 2000 victims died, but also because the Thai government began to seriously discuss the work of reconciliation with reference to the integration of the Free Aceh Movement (GAM) to Indonesia.
Peace in Aceh as a model for peace and reconciliation efforts at the local Selatan.Identitas Thailand South Thailand closer to Kelantan and Kedah, Malaysia. Communities have traditionally been more at home using Malay than Thai language promoted by the central government as the official state language. Compulsion Muslim Malay community in southern Thailand be felt for decades, since the integration of Malays in southern Thailand to be part of the Kingdom of Thailand.
The use of Thai language must be used in the office of the kingdom, government, schools and media. Radio, TV and print media should use the Thai language as the medium of news. Electronic media, particularly local radio only Muslim Minorities, Conflict and Reconciliation in Southern Thailand in 1999 are allowed to use the Malay language is not more than 20 percent of the overall program.
Thailand government's strategy is bearing fruit. Within about 50 years, many young Malay-speaking Thai Muslims rather than the Malay language, both in school and in daily life. But they are 'forced' families to speak in Malay as they gathered the family environment.
Efforts to keep the 'tradition of the ancestors' became part of the identity of the strongest for the Malay Muslim family in Southern Thailand is different from most other Thai society. They realize that the intention of separating themselves from the Royal Thai government is just an old dream, which must now be abandoned.
Integrated with Thailand, competing with the majority Thai ethnic community that Buddis is current selection. The strategy needs to be built, is to promote education, support national development, and maintaining local stability.
The latter is still an obstacle for the creation of peace in the south. Various terror, murder and bombings occur frequently in the past three years, with the number of dead settidaknya 2000 people, since January 2004. Surprisingly, the group has not been found responsible for this unrest.
When an attack or killings involving victims of the army, police or the Buddhist community, the accused are Muslims. Even Thaksin's call them the term 'Muslim Bandit'. The term that tarnish Malay Muslim feelings in the south, because the imagery has been deliberately created by government, without a more objective look at who is involved.
Muslims in Thailand about 15 percent, compared to Buddhism, about 80 percent. The majority of Muslims live in southern Thailand, about 1.5 million people, or 80 percent of the total population, especially in Patani, Yala and Narathiwat, three provinces are very color dynamics in southern Thailand.
Muslim tradition rooted in the region 100 Muslim Minorities, Conflict and Reconciliation in Southern Thailand since the Sri Vijaya empire that controls the region of Southeast Asia, including southern Thailand.
Southern Thailand consists of five provinces: Pattani, Yala, Narathiwat, Satun and Songkhla, with a total population of 6,326,732 (National Statistics Office, Thailand, 2002). The majority Muslim population there in four provinces: Pattani, Yala, Narathiwat and Satun, which is about 71% urban, and 86% in rural areas (YCCI, 2006: 34), while in Songkhla, around 19% Muslims, minorities, and 76.6% Buddhist .
While the majority Malay-speaking population, an average of 70 percent are in three provinces: Pattani, Yala and Narathiwat, while Chinese-speaking population, is in three provinces: Narathiwat, 0.3%, Pattani, 1.0%, and Yala, 3.0% (Census of Population, Thailand, 2000).
Regarding the entry of Islam into Thailand, some say Islam arrived in Thailand in the 10th century through the pedgang from Arab and some say Islam Masum into Thailand through the Kingdom of Samudra Pasai in Aceh.
In the past, when the kingdom of Samudera Pasai conquered by Thailand, many Muslims are imprisoned, then taken to Thailand. The inmates would be released if a ransom had been paid. Then the prisoners are already free, there are back to Indonesia and some are settled in Thailand and spread the religion of Islam.
Thai territory inhabited by people of Islam are the southern region directly adjacent to Malaysia. Muslims in Thailand are a minority, because the majority Buddhist population. Muslim areas in southern Thailand are Pattani, Yala, Satun, Narathiwat, and Songkhla.
The Muslims in Thailand are known by the name of Patani have strong feelings about her identity, because the Patani region at the beginning of the 17th century had become one of the center spread of Islam in Southeast Asia.
The Thai government seeks to include most areas south to the Thai state. This is done at the time of King Chulalongkom in 1902. Patani dubbed the birthplace of Islam in Southeast Asia. In fact, a Patani, David ibn Abdillah ibn Idris al-Fatani recognized as a leading scholar of Islamic sciences in Southeast Asia.
What is now southern Thailand during the first form of sultanates free and sovereign, the largest among the Patani sultanate. In the fourteenth century, Islam entered into the region, the first king who embraced Islam Patani is Ismailsyah. In 1603 the kingdom of Ayuthia in Siam attacked the kingdom of Patani, but the attack can be thwarted.
In 1783 Siam during King Rama I Phra Culalok attacked Patani aided by rogue elements of Patani itself, Sultan Mahmud was gugurlah, cannon Sri Patani and the Siamese seized the royal treasure and taken to Bangkok.
So Tengku Lamidin appointed as Viceroy of Siam command but then he rebelled and be killed and replaced Dato Bangkalan but he also memberotak.
At the time of King Chulalongkorn in 1878.M Phra Siam began mensiamisasi Patani so that Tengku Din had rebelled and the kingdom of Patani kingdom dipecahlah and the unit was called Bariwen.
Before the event actually took place in 1873 AD Tengku Abdulqadir Qamaruzzaman has refused to abolition of the Patani kingdom. Kingdom of Patani were divided into small areas Patani, Marathiwat, Saiburi, Setul and Jala.
In 1909 AD the British also recognize that these areas include the region Kingdom of Siam. And in 1939 AD, the name changed to Muang Thai Siam. Siamese language becomes the language of nationalism in the South region, in the schools is an official language, Arabic script was replaced Malay inscription from Siam Palawan.
In 1923 AD, some of which are considered extreme Islamic Madrasah closed, the Islamic schools of education should be taught the ethics of nation's nationality and education are taken from the essence of Buddhism.
At certain times of school children had to sing the songs breath of Buddha and the teacher should worship with the worship of Buddha. Ministry of Education turn back the history: he said that Islam was an evil person wanted to oppose the shah's reign in Siam and drop the king.
The Muslims are not allowed to have political parties and even all berasas Islam is based organizations must: Nationality. The government also formed a so-called mufti Culamantri rank, usually raised that an alim who can lick and it can turn back the paragraph so that it haram memfatwakan against the power of Buddha.
At certain moments also display all heavy weapons, military equipment. Then they invited Islamic scholars to look around, hoping the fear will grow to rebel. But the people who become Muslim remains steadfast in the struggle, to enforce a country's sovereign Islamic berasas Islamic Republic of Patani.
All ceremonies are secular and Islamic done only limited to the traditional parties were not based on Islam and indigenous religion remained secular even though sometimes taken as well as greetings and bismillah as stated in its constitution it.
The transformation of primordial loyalties to loyalty to the state in order to create national integration is usually the main agenda in the countries that the process of realization of the idea of nation-state has not been completed.
This agenda becomes very complicated if the country concerned with the plurality of ethnicities, cultures and religions. Based on the primordial category, the country has majority and minority groups, in which minority groups would be forced to be integrated into the majority group.

Diposting oleh Rizka Maniez di 20.17 0 komentar