Islamic History

My religion ISLAM - Muslims occupied Spain at the time of Caliph al-Walid (705-715 AD), one of the caliph of the Umayyads based in Damascus, where Muslims had previously been controlled North Africa. In the process of the Spanish conquest, there are three heroes of Islam that can be said that the most meritorious Tharif ibn Malik, Tariq ibn Ziyad and Musa ibn Nushair.

Muslims occupied Spain at the time of Caliph al-Walid (705-715 AD), one of Bani Umayyad caliphate based in Damascus. Before the Spanish conquest, the Muslims had taken control of North Africa and make it as one of the province of Bani Umayyad dynasty, complete mastery of North Africa took place at the time of Caliph Abdul Malik (685-705 AD). Caliph Abd al-Malik lifted al-Hasan ibn Nu'man Ghassani became governor in that area.At the time of Caliph al-Walid, Hasan ibn Nu'man was replaced by Moses ibn Nushair. In an age of al-Walid, Moses ibn Nushair expand territory by occupying Algeria and Morocco. In addition, he also perfected the conquest of the regions of the former power of the nation Barbarian in mountains, so they declared, and faithfully promised not to create chaos-chaos as they have done before.Conquest of the North African region from the first time defeated until it becomes a province of Bani Umayyad Caliphate take as long as 53 years, starting year 30 AH (during the reign of Muawiyah ibn Abi Sufyan) until the year 83 H (the time of al-Walid). Before Islam was defeated and then occupied, in this region there are pockets that form the basis of power the Roman empire, the Gothic kingdom. The kingdom was often incited residents to create unrest and oppose Islamic rule.After this area really can be mastered, Muslims began to focus his attention to conquering Spanish. Thus, North Africa be a springboard for the Muslims in the conquest of Spain. In the process of Spanish conquest, there are three heroes of Islam that can be said most credited with leading the forces units there.They are Tharif ibn Malik, Tariq ibn Ziyad and Musa ibn Nushair. Tharif may be cited as the pioneer and investigator. He crossed the strait that lies between Morocco and the European continent with a single army, five hundred of them are horsemen, they boarded four ships provided by Julian. In the raid Tharif not get significant resistance.He won and returned to North Africa brought the spoils that are not few in number.Encouraged by the success Tharif and upheaval that occurred in the ruling body Visigothic kingdom in Spain at the time, as well as a great encouragement to obtain the spoils of war, Musa ibn Nushair in the year 711 AD to send troops to Spain as many as 7,000 people under the leadership of Tariq ibn Ziyad . Tariq ibn Ziyad more widely known as the conqueror of Spain because his army is larger and more tangible results. His army is comprised mostly of Berber tribes backed by Moses ibn Nushair and some Arabs who sent the Caliph al-Walid. The army then crossed the Strait under the command of Tariq ibn Ziyad.A mountain of Tariq and his troops first landed and set up his army, known by the name of Gibraltar (Jabal Tariq). By mastering this area, then opened the door widely to enter Spain. In a battle at a place called Bakkah, King Roderick can be defeated. From there, Tariq and his army continued to conquer the most important cities, such as Cordova, Granada and Toledo (the capital of Gothic empire at that time). Before Tariq conquered the city of Toledo, he requested additional troops to Musa ibn Nushair in North Africa.Moses sent additional troops to 5,000 personnel, so the number of troops entirely Tariq 12,000 people. This amount is not comparable to the Gothic forces much larger, 100,000. The first victory of Tariq ibn Ziyad achieved by making way for the conquest of the region more broadly. For that, Musa ibn Nushair feel the need to engage in a battle arena with the intention of helping the struggle Tariq. With a large army, he set off across the strait, and one by one city in its path can be conquered.After Moses conquered Sidonia, Karmona, Seville, and Merida as well as defeat the ruler of the kingdom of Gothic, Theodomir in Orihuela, he joined Tariq in Toledo. Furthermore, both managed to master all the important cities in Spain, including the north, ranging from Saragosa to Navarre. The next wave of territorial expansion came during the reign of Caliph Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz in 99 H/717 CE This time the target is intended to control the area around the mountains Pyrenia and Southern France. Troop leadership entrusted to al-Samah, but his efforts failed and he himself was killed in the year 102 H.Furthermore, the head of the troops handed over to Abdullah ibn Abd al-Ghafiqi. With his troops, he attacked the town Bordesu, Poiter, and from here he tried to attack the city of Tours. However, among the city Poiter and Tours that he was arrested by Charles Martel, so that the attack on the French army led fail and retreat back to Spain. After that, there are still too attack-attack, like the Avirignon year 734 AD, to Lyon in 743 AD, and there are islands in the Mediterranean Sea Majorca, Corsia, Sardinia, Creta, Rhodes, Cyprus and parts of Sicily also fall into Islam at the hands of Bani Umayyad era.The second largest wave of the invasion of the Muslims that the motion starts at the beginning of the 8th century AD, has reached far and wide over Spain to reach the Middle French and important parts of Italy. Victories achieved Muslims seem so easy. It can not be separated from the external and internal factors are favorable. What is meant by external factors is a condition that is contained in Spain's own country. During the Spanish conquest by the Islamic people, social conditions, politics, and economy of this country is in sad circumstances.Politically, the Spanish region torn apart and divided into several small countries. Along with the Gothic ruler being intolerant of religious affiliation of the flow by the authorities, namely the Monophysite flow, especially against the followers of other religions, Judaism. Jewish religion is the biggest part of the Spanish population was forced baptized by the Christian religion. Who are not willing to be tortured, and brutally murdered. People were divided into the class system, so the situation is overwhelmed by poverty, oppression, and lack of equal rights.In such situations, the liberator of the oppressed awaits the arrival of interpreters, and interpreters pembebasnya they found the people of Islam. In connection with that Amer Ali, as quoted by Imamuddin said, when Africa (East and West) enjoy in terms of material comfort, togetherness, justice, and prosperity, his neighbor in peninsular Spain is in a sad state under the rule of iron fist ruler Visighotic. On the other hand, the kingdom is in turmoil that took effect on people suffering. As a result of cruel treatment, the Jewish colonies are important places of resistance and rebellion.The divisions in the country Spain is a lot of help to the success of the intervention of Islam in the year 711 AD The split was very much pattern, and existed long before the Gothic kingdom stands. Political cleavages exacerbate the economic situation of society. When Islam arrived in Spain, the economic community in a state of paralysis. In fact, when Spain was under Roman rule, thanks to the fertility of the soil, agriculture developed rapidly. Likewise, mining, industry and trade, supported by good transportation facilities. However, after the Spanish under the authority of the kingdom of the Goths, crippled the economy and social welfare decline.Hektaran be left stranded with no cultivated land, some factories closed, and between one region and other regions hardest-hit because the roads do not get treatment. Poor social conditions, economics, and religion was mainly caused by the chaotic political situation. The worst conditions occurred in the reign of King Roderick, the last Goth king who defeated Islam. Early destruction of the kingdom when King Roderick Ghoth is moving its capital from Seville to Toledo, while Witiza, who was a ruler over the territory of Toledo, dismissed just like that. This situation provoked anger from Oppas and Achila, brother and son Witiza.Both then rose gather the strength to overthrow Roderick. They went to North Africa and joined the Muslims. Meanwhile, there is also conflict between the Queen of Julian Roderick, a former ruler Septah region. Julian also joined the Muslims in North Africa and support the efforts of Muslims to master Spanish, Julian even a loan of four ships used by Tharif, Tariq and Musa. This benefit other Islamic army is that soldiers Roderick consisting of the oppressed slaves no longer have the spirit of the war In addition, Jews who had been depressed also held a fellowship and provide support for the struggle of the Muslims.As is the internal factor is a condition contained in the ruling body, tokon figures Islamic fighters and the soldiers involved in the conquest of Spain in particular.The leaders are powerful figures, army compact, united, and confident. They were capable, courageous, and steadfast in the face of every issue. No less important is the teaching of Islam that indicated the soldiers of Islam, namely tolerance, brotherhood, and please help. The attitude of religious tolerance and brotherhood contained in the person of the Muslims that led to the Spanish population welcomed the Islamic presence there.

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